Sixth International Conference on Durability of Concrete Structures (ICDCS2018) Wednesday 18 – Friday 20 July 2018.

https://engineering.leeds.ac.uk/icdcs2018

"In summary, 157 delegates from 32 countries contributed to the success of the event"

Table of Contents

Plenary Papers

The performance of concrete in a marine environment M.D.A. Thomas and E.G. Moffatt, University of New Brunswick, Canada	1
Alkali-activated cements and concretes – durability testing to underpin standardisation J.L. Provis, The University of Sheffield, UK	16

Keynote Papers

Service life and life-cycle assessment of reinforced concrete with fly ash and limestone calcined clay cement R. Gettu, R.G. Pillai, M. Santhanam, S. Rathnarajan, A.S. Basavaraj, S. Rengaraju, and D.Yuvaraj, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India	27
Guiding principles in developing the South African approach to durability index testing of concrete Y. Ballim, University of the Witwatersrand, South Africa; M.G. Alexander, University of Cape Town, South Africa	36
Estimated service life of carbonation exposed (cracked) concrete with pozzolans or self-healing agents P. Van den Heede and N. De Belie, Ghent University, Belgium	46
fib Model Code 2020 – durability design and through life management of new and existing structures F. Papworth, Building and Construction Research and Consultancy, Western Australia; S. Matthews, Building Research Establishment Ltd, UK	53
The bond behaviour between concrete and corroded reinforcement: state of the art Y. Zhao, Zhejiang University, China; H. Lin, Tsinghua University, China	63
Analytical and quantitative aspects of surface moisture transport and plastic shrinkage cracking B. Mobasher, Arizona State University, USA; M. Bakhshi, AECOM, USA; Y. Yao, Southeast University, China	74
Performance of RC slabs under the combined effect of applied loads and restrained shrinkage M. Azenha, J.L. Granja, J. Gomes, R. Carvalho, B. Zahabizadeh and A. Edalat-Behbahani, University of Minho, Portugal; R. Faria, L. Leitão and C.F. Sousa, University of Porto, Portugal; D. Schlicke, Graz University of Technology, Austria	83
Mesoscopic model of drying shrinkage and its application into control of shrinkage cracking T. Nawa, Hokkaido University, Japan	95

Influence of Constituents of Concrete

Effects of temperature and curing duration on the stability of slag cements in combined chloride-sulphate environments  J.O. Ukpata, P.A.M. Basheer and L. Black, University of Leeds, UK	105
Carbonation in alternative cementitious materials: implications on durability and mechanical properties P. Alapati and K. E. Kurtis, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA	111
Compressive strength, free expansion and shrinkage of expansive concrete containing fly ash W. Saengsoy, R. Chatchawan and S. Tangtermsirikul, Thammasat University, Thailand	120
Design of ternary blend high-volume fly ash concrete mixes using hydrated lime C. Gunasekara, D.W. Law and S. Setunge, RMIT University, Australia	127
Internal curing by SAP in ultra-high strength concrete with cement-silica fume-fly ash binder J. Liu and C. Shi, Hunan University, China; X. Ma, Henan University of Urban Construction, China	135
Impact of water content on the performance of alkali-activated slag concretes S.A. Bernal and J.L. Provis, The University of Sheffield, UK; J.S.J. van Deventer, The University of Melbourne, Australia, and Zeobond Pty Ltd, Australia	143
Influence of sulfide on the onset of chloride-induced corrosion of steel reinforcement in alkali-activated slags M. Criado, S. Mundra, S.A. Bernal and J.L. Provis, University of Sheffield, UK	149
Strength and durability of hybrid fibre reinforced binary blend geopolymer concrete N. Ganesan, P.V. Indira and R. Sahana, National Institute of Technology, India	154
Comparison of lithomarge and cement-based mortars performance in aggressive aqueous environments J. Kwasny, T.A. Aiken, M.N. Soutsos and D.J. Cleland, Queen’s University Belfast, UK; J.A. McIntosh, banah UK Ltd, UK	160
A preliminary investigation into geopolymer cement mortar’s suitability for providing resilient highway solutions B.J. Magee, A. Wilkinson, D. Woodward, S. Tretsiakova-McNally and P. Lemoine, Ulster University, UK	170
Enhancement of durability characteristics of geopolymer concrete with manufactured sand M.I. Abul Aleem, PSG Institute of Technology and Applied Research, India; T. Shanmuga Priya, VIT University, India	178
The synergistic effect of nano-silica with slag on frost resistance of concrete L. Yuan, Z. Zhou, P. Du, X. Cheng, P. Hou, L. Zhang and Q. Li, University of Jinan and Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Preparation and Measurement of Building Material, China	183
Effect of nanosilica on the sulfate attack resistivity of cement mortar  P.K Hou, Z.H Guo, Q Yu, N Xie, X Cheng and S.P. Shah, University of Jinan, China	189
Transport properties and strength development of blended cement mortars containing nano-silica A.A. Ramezanianpour, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran; S. Mirvalad, Iran University of Science and Technology, Iran; M. Mortezaei, Amirkabir University of Technology, Iran	194
Long term permeability and acid resistance of self-compacting concretes with micro and nano mineral additions G. Barluenga, C. Guardia,  University of Alcalá, Spain; J. Puentes, CSIC, Spain; N. Flores, European University of Canarias, Spain	203
Durability properties of high performance concrete containing high volumes of supplementary cementitious materials A. Elahi, University of Engineering and Technology Taxila, Pakistan; S.A. Barbhuiya, Curtin University of Technology, Australia	210
Post-cracking behavior of cementitious composite incorporating nano-silica and basalt fiber pellets  A.G. Bediwy, M.T. Bassuoni and E. El-Salakawy, University of Manitoba, Canada	220
Strength and durability performance of ultra-high-performance cementitious composite enhanced with carbon nanofibres J.L.G. Lim, S.N. Raman, M.F.M. Zain and R. Hamid, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia; F.C. Lai, Bangunan PanGlobal, Malaysia	227
Polymer binder, impact on the pull-out force of macro fibers in sprayed concrete K. Bonin and C. Neumaie, Wacker Chemie AG, Germany	233
Workability and freeze-thawing performance of fiber reinforced expansive self-consolidating concrete Q. Cao and Q.Q. Gao, Dalian University of Technology, China	238
Performance of concrete made with a calcined clay – limestone-portland cement exposed to natural conditions F. Martirena, E. Díaz and D. Rocha, Universidad Central de las Villas, Cuba; H. Maraghechi and K. Scrivener, Ecole Polytechnique Federal de Lausanne, Switzerland	244
Comparison of alkali-silica chemical reaction of reactive glass and chert aggregate Y. Morinaga, E. Yogarajah and T. Nawa, Hokkaido University, Japan; L. Yorgchaitrakul, Thammasat University, Thailand; E. Iwatsuki, Aichi Institute of Technology, Japan	248
Influence of mineralogical nature of aggregates on acid resistance of mortar K. P. Ramaswamy, TKM College of Engineering, India; M.  Santhanam, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India	256
Impact of portlandite on alkali-silica reaction of pyrex glass and blastfurnace slag aggregate N. Noguchi, T. Kajio, Y. Morinaga, Y. Elakneswaran and T. Nawa, Hokkaido University, Japan; T. Ayan, Okayama University, Japan	267
Study of the deterioration of concrete incorporating sulfide-bearing aggregates J. Duchesne and B. Fournier, Université Laval, Canada; J. Francoeur, Ministère des Transports, Canada	273
Alkali reactive carbonate rocks: is it alkali silica reaction (ASR) or alkali carbonate reaction (ACR)? M.A. Beyene, SES Group & Associates, USA; R.C. Meininger, Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center, USA	281
Pore structure and thermal analysis of hardened cement paste incorporating graphene oxide during carbonation W-J Long, Y. Gu, T-H Ye and N-X Han, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Durability for Marine Civil Engineering, Shenzhen Durability Center for Civil Engineering, College of Civil Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China	289 (i)
The influence of waste glass powder on the chloride binding capacity of fly ash/cement hardened paste J.H. Yan, Beijing University of Technology, China; T.Y. Hao, MCC Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, China	290
The effect of calcium nitrate on the hydration of calcium aluminate cement at different curing temperatures H. Wang, G. Diao and G. Liu, China Building Materials Academy, China; H. Wang, State Key Laboratory of Green Building Materials, China; L. Gao, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, China; G. Liu, Kaifeng Qiming Refractory Materials Co. Ltd, China	295
Absorption, porosity, capillarity and chloride diffusion in ultra high performance concretes J.M. Gandía-Romero, J.E. Ramón-Zamora and I. Gasch, M. Valcuende, V. Calvet and R. Calabuig, P. Serna, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain	303
New model for natural carbonation prediction in reinforced concrete – concept and validation on chemical admixtures S.O. Ekolu and M. Raats, University of the Johannesburg, South Africa	309
Effect of mix parameters on strength of geopolymer mortars - experimental study A. Naghizadeh and S.O. Ekolu, University of the Johannesburg, South Africa	315

Performance in Service Environment

Climate resilient concrete structures in marine environment of Bangladesh S. Srinivasan and I. Gibb, Mott MacDonald Limited, UK	321
Effect of chloride exposure condition on the performance of concretes containing PFA P. C. Ryan, University College Cork, Ireland; A. J. O'Connor, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland	337
Influence of exposure environments on the durability of slag blended cements J.O. Ukpata, P.A.M. Basheer and L. Black, University of Leeds, UK	345
Environmental factors influencing the durability of concrete structures in maine environments H.R. Wu, F.J. Zhang, Y. Wang and X.W. Ma, Henan University of Urban Construction, China; L.B. Jin, Henan University of Technology, P.R.China	353
Influence of cracks on the carbonation resistance of concrete structures A.AL-Ameeri, University of Brighton, UK, and University of Babylon, Iraq; M. I. Rafiq and O.Tsioulou, University of Brighton, UK	358
Experimental and numerical investigation on the irregularity of carbonation depth of concrete under supercritical condition H. Bao, M. Yu, J. Ye, L. Xu and Y. Chi, Wuhan University, China; J. Ye, Lancaster University, UK	367
Interactions between reinforcement corrosion and chloride ion diffusion in mortar C. Chen, Y. Chuang, C. Wu and C. Hsu, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taiwan	376
Sustainable concrete with seawater and corrosion resistant reinforcement: results of monitoring of corrosion behaviour E. Redaelli, M. Carsana, F. Lollini, M. Gastaldi and F.T. Isfahani, Politecnico di Milano, Italy	382
Effect of corrosion and corrosion rate on the mechanical performance of carbon and stainless steel reinforcing bars H.L. Wang, X.Y. Sun and H.T. Kong, Zhejiang University, China	390
Investigation on the influence of concrete pores on steel corrosion process X. Zhang and Y. Zhao, Zhejiang University, China	395
Freeze-thaw resistance of concrete:  insight from microstructural properties S. Adu-Amankwah and L. Black, University of Leeds, UK; M. Zajac, J. Skocek and M. Ben Haha, Heidelberg Technology Center GmbH, Germany	402
Sulfate resistance study of carbonated low-calcium silicate systems R. Tokpatayeva and J. Olek Lyles, Purdue University, USA; J. Jain, A. Seth and N. DeCristofaro, Solidia Technologies Inc., USA	408
The TSA degradation process within cement-based materials in the electrical field environment C. Wang, Z. Fang and Y. Luo, Chongqing University, China	421
Study on accelerated microbial corrosion of concrete by artificially intensified sewage L.J. Kong, M.F. Cao, H. Lu and H.R. Lu, Shijiazhuang Tiedao University, China; X.M. Zhou and G. Kastiukas, Brunel University, UK	428
Emerging rapid aggregate and concrete test methods for formulating ASR-resistant concrete K.W. Liu and A.K. Mukhopadhyay, Texas A&M University, USA	438
Performance of anaerobic digestion systems:  a review D.A. Thompson, S. Nanukuttan and D. McPolin, Queen’s University Belfast, UK	444
Influence of surface retarders on texture profile and  durability of upper layer of exposed aggregate concrete pavement M. Dąbrowski, M.A. Glinicki, K. Gibas, A. Antolik and K. Dziedzic, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland	451
Electrochemical behaviour of passive layers in weathered reinforced mortars B. Díaz, B. Guitián, X.R. Nóvoa and M.C. Pérez, University of Vigo, Spain	457
Effect of external loading on durability properties of pre-stressed concrete girders with microcracking S.S. Srinivasan, M. Rung, and R.D. Ferron, The University of Texas at Austin, USA	465
Drying shrinkage of hardened cement paste and its relationship to the microstructure X. Wang, C. Wan, X. Zhang and H. Chen, Chongqing University, China	476
Effect of corrosion on the shear transfer behavior of stud shear connectors W. Xue, J. Chen1, A-Y Jiang and W-L Jin, Zhejiang University, China; 1Zhejiang University of Science and Technology, China	483
Effect of multi- steel bolt anchorages on composite beams H.F Shi, D.W Zhang and W.L Jin, ZheJiang University, China; Tamon Ueda, Hokkaido University, Japan	491
Load-bearing capacity of corroded reinforced concrete structures caused by carbonation and exposed to XC4 E. Sistonen, Aalto University, Finland	496
Mechanical and Microstructure Characteristics of Concrete-Mixtures Designed for Durability of RC-Structures in Corrosive Environments S.A. Alghamdi, S. Ahmad and M.M. Khaled, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, KSA	502 (i-vii)
Performance of High-volume Fly Ash Self-compacting Concrete Exposed to External Sulfate Attack T. S. al-Attar, University of Technology, Iraq, A. A. Taha, Ministry of Health and Environment, Iraq	502 (viii-xiii)
Experimental and Numerical study of Macro-cell Corrosion between Crossed Steel Bars Z. Dong, X.L. Gu and Z.H. Jin, Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures, Ministry of Education, College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, China	502 (xiv- xx)
Durability of cement-based materials in drinking water storage M. Schwotzer, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Germany; A. Gerdes, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Institute of Functional Interfaces (IFG), Germany, and University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, Germany	503

Testing, Inspection and Monitoring

Using long-term outdoor exposure data to benchmark accelerated durability test methods R. D. Hooton, University of Toronto, Canada	509
Diagnosis on expansion of heat-cured precast concrete blocks due to delayed ettringite formation in Japan Y. Kawabata, Port and Airport Research Institute, Japan	516
Design of an in situ steady-state permeability test to determine the air permeability of covercrete K. Yang and P.A.M. Basheer, University of Leeds, UK; A.E. Long and S. Nanukuttan, Queen’s University Belfast, UK; C. Yang, Chongqing University, China; Y. Wang, Shenzhen University, China; S. Mu, Jiangsu Sobute New Materials Co., Ltd, China	525
Self-sensing and self-healing ‘smart’ cement-based materials – a review of the state of the art D.K. Mishra, KMBB College of Engineering and Technology, India; J. Yu and C.K.Y. Leung, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, China	532
Development of engineered cementitious composites with conductive inclusions for use in self-sensing applications B. Suryanto, D. Saraireh, S. Walls, J. Kim and W.J. McCarter, Heriot-Watt University, UK	549
Influence of pore structure on relative chloride diffusion coefficient in unsaturated cementitious materials Y. Zhang and G. Ye, Delft University of Technology, The Netherlands	556
Investigation of microstructure of cementitious material exposed to high temperature by non-destructive integrated CT-XRD method T. Mikami, H. Takahashi and T. Sugiyama, Hokkaido University, Japan	562
Pore characteristics and computed permeability of pastes subject to freeze-thaw cycles at very early ages by X-ray CT Y. Wei, Z. Wu and X. Gao, Tsinghua University, China	566
Meso-scale study of water transport in mortar influenced by sodium chloride and freeze-thaw cycles Y. Wang and J. Deng, Guangdong University of Technology, China; T. Ueda and Z. Wang, Hokkaido University, Japan; D. Zhang, Zhejiang University, China	572
An investigation on moisture and water absorption in cement paste with electrical resistance method M. Mizoguchi, T. Kitagawa, T. Daungwilailuk, Y. Ogawa and K. Kawai, Hiroshima University,  Japan	581
Will blended-cement systems with similar chloride penetration potentials resist similarly to corrosion? W. Wilson, V. Labattaglia and A. Tagnit-Hamou, Université de Sherbrooke, Canada; L. Sorelli, Université Laval, Canada	587
An experimental study of concrete resistivity and the effects of electrode configuration and current frequency on measurement H. Oleiwi1,3, Y.Wang1, N. Xiang1,4, L. Augusthus-Nelson1, X. Chen2 and I. Shabalin1; 1University of Salford, UK 2Charter Coating Service (2000) Ltd, Canada; 3 University of Thi-Qar, Nasiriyah, Iraq; 4Chongqing Jiaotong University, China	592
Micro-mechanical analysis of corrosion products formed during long-term carbonation induced corrosion of steel M. Serdar and D. Bjegović, University of Zagreb, Croatia; V. L’Hostis and S. Poyet, Université Paris-Saclay, Croatia ; D. Féron, Université Paris-Saclay, France	600
Similarity analysis of rebar corrosion under different electrochemical accelerated method C. Fu, J. Chen and X. Jin, Zhejiang University of Technology, China; H. Ye, The University of Hong Kong, China; Jun Zhu, Zhejiang University of Technology, China	606
Integrated sensor network for monitoring steel corrosion in concrete structures J.E. Ramón, J.M. Gandía-Romero, R. Bataller, A. Martínez-Ibernón, I. Gasch and J. Soto, Universitat Politècnica de València, Spain	615
Damage evaluation of full-Scale RC slab by ultrasonic tomography H. Hayashida, Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan; T. Ueda, Hokkaido University, Japan	620
Experimental investigation on capillary water absorption in discrete planar cracks L. Wang and J. Bao, Dalian University of Technology, China	627

Method of Improving the Durability

Surface treatments for concrete under physical salt attack M.R. Sakr1,2 and M.T. Bassuoni1; 1University of Manitoba, Canada; 2Benha University, Egypt	633
Development of a new method to reduce drying shrinkage of concrete by applying urea K. Shirayama, H. Fujiwara, M. Maruoka and L. Lingling, Utsunomiya University, Japan	641
Field and laboratory investigations on the use of fly ash and li-based admixtures to prevent ASR in concrete B. Fournier, Université Laval, Canada; A. Bilodeau, N. Bouzoubaa, P-C. Nkinamubanzi, National Research Council of Canada, Canada	650
Performance oriented functionalisation of concrete: an integrated approach for prevention in construction A. Gerdes1,2, M. Schwotzer1 and J. Süßmuth3; 1Institute of Functional Interfaces, Germany; 2University of Applied Sciences Karlsruhe, Germany; 3IONYS AG, Germany	661
Improving the spacer-concrete interface for bond strength and durability F. Muslim, H.S. Wong and N.R. Buenfeld, Imperial College London, UK	669
Study on the performance of new imidazoline electromigration inhibitor in reinforced concrete C. Pan1, C. Yang1, J. Mao1 and W. Jin1,2; 1Zhejiang University, China; 2Zhejiang University, China	676
A novel methodology of powder-based cementitious materials in 3D inkjet printing for construction applications P. Shakor, S. Nejadi and G. Paul, University of Technology Sydney, Australia; J. Sanjayan, Swinburne University of Technology, Australia	685
Experimental investigation on the ICCP-SS technique for sea-sand RC beams H-S. Liang, J-H. Zhu, F. Xing, Z-W. Zeng, Shenzhen University, China; M-N. Su, University of Manchester, UK; T. Ueda and L-L. Wei, Hokkaido University, Japan	696
Characterization of vibration effects on the internal structure and strength of regular and high strength recycled concrete J. Smith, R. Rampit and R. Parey, University of the West Indies,Trinidad and Tobago	703
Transport properties of steam curing concrete using mineral admixtures K. Sasaki and T. Harada, Nagasaki University, Japan; T. Katayama, Yamau Co. Ltd., Japan	711
Improvements of the carbonation resistance of concrete after steam autoclave curing G. Li, J. Yue and F. Yao, China University of Mining and Technology, China	717

Repair and Maintenance

Monitoring historic concrete and associated cementitious repair- a case study of Boathouse 4, Portsmouth Historic Dockyard, UK A.H. Alwaal, S. Barnett, R. Inkpen and L. Hastewell, University of Portsmouth, UK	723
Comparison data between hybrid and galvanic anode installation in the Arousa Island Bridge J.A. Becerra-Mosquera, Neto Ingeniería, Spain;  D. Carro-López, Universidade Da Coruña, Spain;  J.E. Pardo Landrove, Xunta de Galicia, Spain; J.M. Millán Pérez, Galaicontrol, Spain	729
Efficiency of electrochemical chloride removal from concrete at different environmental temperatures S. Jin, J. Xia and W-L. Jin, Zhejiang University, China; Z-Y. Yu and J-Y. Hu, Zhejiang Electric Power Corporation Research Institute, China; Q. Lyu, Southeast University, China; X. Zhong, Yangzhou University, China	736
Mortar quality assessment for an iconic building repair in Sydney Australia I. Dumitru and T. Song, Boral Construction Materials, Australia; J. Sury, Parex Group Pty Limited, Australia; T. Wenzel, Freyssinet, Singapore	743
Distribution of lithium nitrite injected into concrete and its ASR suppression effect K. Kobayashi and K. Rokugo, Gifu University, Japan; Y. Takagi, Nishimatsu Const. Co. Ltd., Japan; T. Otani, Hanshin Expressway Co. Ltd, Japan	749
A “double-multi” model for electromigration of lithiums and chlorides in ASR affected concrete Q.F. Liu, L.X. Mao and Z. Hu, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Advanced Ship and Deep-Sea Exploration (CISSE), China; J. Xia, Zhejiang University, China; G.L. Feng and L.Y. Li, University of Plymouth, UK	755
Rehabilitation of low rise RCC structure along 9m high retaining wall A. Nakhawa, Non Destructive Testing and Rehabilitation Experts, India; V.B. Deshmukh and V.J.T.I. Matunga, Mumbai, India	762

Durability and Service Life Modelling

Modelling of capillary pore structure evolution in portland cement pastes based on irregular-shaped cement particles C. Liu, M. Zhang, G. Fang and Yun Bai, University College London, UK; Y. Zhang, Southeast University, China	771
Pore structure characterization and transport performance Simulation of cement hydration based on irregular particles Z. Liu, W. Chen and H. Lv, China University of Mining and Technology, China; Y. Zhang, Southeast University, China; C. Liu, University College London, UK	781
Effect of time-dependent chloride profile and temperature variation on chloride diffusion in concrete F. Alsheet and A.G. Razaqpur, McMaster University, Canada	788
Estimating fractal dimension of cement matrix for predicting chloride ingress into cement-based materials Y. Elakneswaran, S. Yoshida A. Hatanaka and T. Nawa, Hokkaido University, Japan	795
Residual service life estimation and its importance for pretensioned concrete (PTC) bridges in coastal cities D. Joseline, D. Kamde, S. Rengaraju and R. G. Pillai, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India	800
An image-based local homogenization method to model mass transport at the steel-concrete interface   Z. Zhang, U. Angst, ETH Zurich, Switzerland; A. Michel, M. Jensen, Technical University of Denmark, Denmark	807
A new model for corrosion-induced concrete cracking X. Xi, S. Yang, University of Strathclyde, UK; C. Li, RMIT University, Australia	815
Meso-scale fracture modelling of concrete cover induced by non-uniform corrosion of reinforcing bar X. Xi, S. Yang, University of Strathclyde, UK; C. Li, RMIT University, Australia	822
Establishment of a numerical model for sulfate attacked concrete considering multi-factors S.S. Qin, D.J. Zou, J. Jiang, T.J. Liu, Harbin Institute of Technology, P.R. China	829
FEM analysis of structural behaviour of reinforced concrete beam under the effect of frost damage Z. Wang, T. Ueda, Hokkaido University, Japan; H. Hayashida, Civil Engineering Research Institute for Cold Region, Japan; D. Zhang, Zhejiang University, China	836
A novel multiscale modelling approach for evaluation of the ASR in concrete structures M. Jalal, M. Mirsayar and A.K. Mukhopadhyay, Texas A&M University, USA	844
Social dimensions in sustainability evaluation of deteriorating reinforced concrete bridges Z. Wang, W. Jin, K. Wu, Zhejiang University, China; D.M. Frangopol, Lehigh University, USA	851

Design for Durability and Service Life

Durability design based on serviceability stage for corroded reinforced concrete structures X.P. Zhong, J. Zhu and C.B.Yuan, Yangzhou University, China; W.L. Jin and J. Xia, Zhejiang University, China	859
Durability design of segmental linings for intended service life of tunnels M. Bakhshi, V. Nasri, AECOM, USA	866
First principles-based design of economical ultra-high performance concrete A.Arora, M. Aguayo, F. Kianmofrad, Y. Yao, B. Mobasher, N.Neithalath, Arizona State University, USA	877