🌸 微光花園 World 1：電子束之塔Micro Bloom · World 1: Beam Tower
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▼ 點一下或按 A 繼續Tap or press A
Micro Bloom微光花園 · 電子束之塔World 1 · Beam Tower
⏸ 暫停Paused
⚙️ 設定Settings
語言Language
🎵 背景音樂Music
🎼 曲目Track
🕹️ 螢幕搖桿On-screen controller
💬 劇情提示Story & hints
🔔 音效Sound effects
⛶ 全螢幕Full screen
🖥️ 繪圖Renderer
✨ 畫質Quality
1280×720 · 1920×1080 · 2560×1440 (2K)
設定會記在這台裝置的瀏覽器中。若裝置不支援 WebGPU，會自動改用軟體繪圖。Settings are remembered in this browser. If WebGPU is not available, the game switches to software rendering automatically.
💾 存檔／讀檔Save / Load
自動Auto
槽位 1Slot 1
槽位 2Slot 2
槽位 3Slot 3
存檔保存在這台裝置的瀏覽器中，過關時會自動存檔。快速鍵： 存到槽位 1、 讀取槽位 1。在關卡中存檔，讀檔後會從該關開頭重新開始。清除瀏覽器資料會刪除存檔，請用「匯出」備份。Saves stay in this browser on this device; the game also autosaves after every stage. Hotkeys: saves to slot 1, loads slot 1. A save made inside a stage restarts that stage from its beginning. Clearing browser data erases saves, so export a backup.
⌨️ 自訂按鍵Custom keys
上Up
下Down
左Left
右Right
A（確定）A (confirm)
B（返回）B (back)
暫停Pause
提示Hint
快速存檔Quick save
快速讀檔Quick load
按「變更」後再按下想用的鍵（Esc 取消）。Enter 永遠可當 A，Esc 永遠可當返回／暫停。也支援 USB／藍牙手把。Press Change, then the key you want (Esc cancels). Enter always works as A, and Esc always works as Back / Pause. USB / Bluetooth gamepads also work.
⭐ Star Quiz
🌟 過關！Stage clear!
★★★
📖 精靈圖鑑與概念明信片Sprite album & concept postcards
📘 遊戲說明書How to play
🌸 故事Story
微光花園藏在混凝土試片裡，礦物相都是會動的小精靈。搗蛋鬼「糊糊菇」放出迷霧，讓整座花園變成一片灰。你和淚滴形的嚮導「皮普」要點亮「電子束之塔」，也就是一台掃描式電子顯微鏡（SEM），從電子槍一路點亮到試片腔，最後打倒糊糊菇。The Micro Garden hides inside a concrete specimen, and its mineral phases are tiny living sprites. The prankster Blurshroom has fogged everything grey. With Pip, your teardrop-shaped guide, you power up the Beam Tower, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), from the electron gun down to the specimen chamber, then defeat Blurshroom.
每過一關會孵出一隻新精靈、得到一張概念明信片（複習卡），花園的迷霧也會散去一些。Every cleared stage hatches a new sprite, gives you a concept postcard (a review card) and lifts some of the fog.
🎮 操作Controls
- 鍵盤：方向鍵移動／調整滑桿，空白鍵或 Enter 確定，Backspace 返回，P 暫停，H 提示（可在「自訂按鍵」更改）。Keyboard: arrow keys move / adjust sliders, Space or Enter confirm, Backspace back, P pause, H hint (change them in Custom keys).
- 滑鼠／觸控：在花園點地面，皮普就會走過去；點平台可進入關卡；滑桿可直接拖曳。Mouse / touch: tap the ground and Pip walks there; tap a pad to enter a stage; drag sliders directly.
- 螢幕搖桿：在設定或下方按鈕開啟，左邊十字鍵、右邊 A（確定）與 B（返回）。On-screen controller: turn it on in Settings; D-pad on the left, A (confirm) and B (back) on the right.
- 也支援 USB／藍牙手把。USB / Bluetooth gamepads also work.
- 💡 提示按鈕：重播本關的講解。📖 圖鑑：看精靈與明信片。💡 Hint replays the stage explanation. 📖 Album shows your sprites and postcards.
🌼 如何種花How to plant flowers
- 收集花瓣 🌸：新遊戲送 20 片花瓣。第一次過關，每顆星換 12 片；重玩過關每顆星換 4 片。左上角的 🌸 是目前的花瓣數。Collect petals 🌸: a new game starts with 20. A first clear gives 12 petals per star; a replay gives 4 per star. The 🌸 counter at the top left shows how many you have.
- 在花園散步：用方向鍵、搖桿或點地面讓皮普走動。每走一小段路，就會自動種下一朵花、用掉 1 片花瓣。Walk in the meadow: move Pip with the arrow keys, the controller or by tapping the ground. Every few steps a flower is planted automatically, using 1 petal.
- 花的顏色：跟在皮普後面的精靈會決定花色。孵出越多精靈，花園就越繽紛（小燈橘、寶石粉、小斯紫、毛毛黃、碰碰藍……）。Flower colours: the sprites following Pip choose the colours. The more sprites you hatch, the more colourful the garden (Toasty orange, Gemmies pink, Stiggy lilac, Fluffy yellow, Bonk blue…).
- 小規則：關卡平台上不會種花；花園最多保留約 420 朵，種滿後最舊的花會讓位給新花。花瓣用完就先去過關或重玩拿星星。Small rules: no flowers are planted on stage pads; the meadow keeps about 420 flowers, and the oldest make room for new ones. Out of petals? Clear or replay a stage for more stars.
- 會存起來：種下的花會跟著存檔保存，破關畫面會顯示你種了幾朵。They are saved: your flowers are stored with your save, and the ending shows how many you planted.
🗼 關卡（對應 PCAM.01）Stages (PCAM.01)
- 1-1 燈絲烤爐：加熱燈絲，在飽和點鎖定（s.12–16）1-1 Filament Oven: heat the filament and lock at saturation (s.12–16)
- 1-2 三顆寶石：依試片選 d、i 或 α（s.11、21、43）1-2 Three Gems: choose d, i or α for each sample (s.11, 21, 43)
- 1-3 歪眼鏡天文台：用像散校正 X／Y 讓影像變圓（s.19）1-3 Crooked Glasses: make the image round with stigmator X / Y (s.19)
- 1-4 皮普變胖了：交互作用體積與 R_KO（s.24–25）1-4 Pip Puffs Up: interaction volume and R_KO (s.24–25)
- 1-5 電子分類碗：<50 eV 是 SE、>50 eV 是 BSE（s.27–28）1-5 Electron Sorting Bowls: <50 eV SE, >50 eV BSE (s.27–28)
- 1-6 千層蛋糕對焦：焦深 D ≈ 0.2/(αM)（s.49–51）1-6 Layer-Cake Focus: depth of focus D ≈ 0.2/(αM) (s.49–51)
- BOSS 糊糊菇：總複習，答對就發射電子束BOSS Blurshroom: review quiz; right answers fire the beam
關卡依序開放：過了前一層，下一層的平台才會發光。Stages open in order: a pad lights up once the previous floor is cleared.
⭐ 星星與存檔Stars & saves
- 答錯不會失敗，可以一直重試。全對 3 顆星，錯 1–2 次 2 顆星，錯更多次 1 顆星；可重玩刷新最佳紀錄。Wrong answers never end the game; just try again. No mistakes = 3 stars, 1–2 mistakes = 2 stars, more = 1 star. Replay to beat your best.
- 過關會自動存檔；也可在「存檔／讀檔」存到槽位 1–3，或匯出成檔案帶到別台裝置。The game autosaves after every stage; you can also save to slots 1–3 or export a file to use on another device.
- 在關卡中存檔，讀檔後會從該關開頭開始。A save made inside a stage restarts that stage from its beginning.
📱 手機與全螢幕Phone & full screen
- 按「⛶ 全螢幕開始」最好玩；手機請橫向握持。“⛶ Full screen & play” works best; hold your phone sideways.
- 離開全螢幕：按右上角「✕ 離開全螢幕」，或在暫停選單按「✕ 離開全螢幕」，或在設定把全螢幕切成「關」。電腦上也可按 Esc。Leaving full screen: tap “✕ Exit” at the top right, or “✕ Exit full screen” in the pause menu, or switch Full screen off in Settings. On a computer, Esc also works.
- 全螢幕時畫面固定，不會被拖動或縮放。In full screen the view is locked: no scrolling or zooming.
🌸 World 1 全破！微光花園重新綻放World 1 clear! The Micro Garden blooms again
下一站：World 2 對比海灣（PCAM.02）。Next stop: World 2, Contrast Cove (PCAM.02).
AEML, NTUST
遊戲無法啟動The game could not start
此遊戲由 AEML, NTUST 製作。若程式碼遭到修改，或瀏覽器封鎖了 JavaScript，將無法執行。This game was created by AEML, NTUST. It will not run if its code has been modified or JavaScript is blocked.
HINTPAUSE
BA
AEML, NTUST
操作： 移動／調整 · 或 Enter 確定 · 返回 · 暫停 · 提示。也可以直接點選或拖曳畫面。請先點一下遊戲畫面，按鍵才會送進遊戲。Controls: move / adjust · or Enter confirm · back · pause · hint. You can also tap and drag on the screen. Click the game screen first so keys go to the game.
Micro Bloom World 1 | (c) 2026 AEML, NTUST | CT5812701 PCAM
皮普Pip
小燈Toasty
寶石三姊妹The Gemmies
小斯Stiggy
蒙蒙Monte
毛毛Fluffy
碰碰Bonk
層層Deco
叮叮Zing
糊糊菇Blurshroom
1-1 燈絲烤爐1-1 Filament Oven
1-2 三顆寶石1-2 Three Gems
1-3 歪眼鏡天文台1-3 Crooked Glasses
1-4 皮普變胖了1-4 Pip Puffs Up
1-5 電子分類碗1-5 Electron Sorting Bowls
1-6 千層蛋糕對焦1-6 Layer-Cake Focus
BOSS 糊糊菇BOSS Blurshroom
燈絲加熱Filament heat
鎖定LOCK
電子束電流 i_bBeam current i_b
燈絲電流 i_fFilament current i_f
假峰false peak
飽和區saturation
燈絲溫度Filament T
探針直徑 dprobe diameter d
探針電流 iprobe current i
收斂角 αconvergence angle α
試片 A：粗糙破斷面＋鈣礬石針晶Sample A: rough fracture + ettringite needles
500× · 整個視野都要清楚500× · the whole field in focus
試片 B：拋光、環氧樹脂含浸切面Sample B: polished, epoxy-impregnated section
300× · BSE 相對比要乾淨300× · clean BSE phase contrast
試片 C：新鮮破斷面上的 C-S-H 膠體Sample C: C-S-H gel on a fresh fracture
50,000× · 要看到奈米細節50,000× · nanometre detail
圓度Roundness
像散校正 XStigmator X
像散校正 YStigmator Y
加速電壓 E₀Beam energy E₀
鋁 AlAluminium Al
鐵 FeIron Fe
SE 碗SE bowl
BSE 碗BSE bowl
最終光圈直徑Final aperture
工作距離 D_WWorking distance D_W
焦深 DDepth of focus D
目標 ≥ 200 µmTarget ≥ 200 µm
檢查CHECK
只剩 100 µm 光圈100 µm aperture only
A：進入A: Enter
先完成前一層Clear the previous floor first
電子束之塔Beam Tower
第 2 回合Round 2
迷霧電子fogged
層layer
走到發光的平台，按 A 進入關卡；邊走邊種花！Walk to a glowing pad and press A to enter. Flowers bloom as you walk!
慢慢加熱燈絲，在「飽和點」按鎖定。Heat the filament slowly and LOCK at the saturation point.
這個試片最該優先照顧哪一顆寶石？Which gem should this sample prioritise?
轉動像散校正旋鈕，讓影像變清楚、變圓。Turn the stigmator knobs until the image is sharp and round.
20 kV 時，皮普在哪個方塊裡比較小？點選方塊。At 20 kV, in which block is Pip smaller? Tap the block.
讓皮普在鋁裡小於 0.5 µm，再按鎖定。Shrink Pip in aluminium below 0.5 µm, then LOCK.
慢電子（<50 eV）往左放 SE 碗；快電子（>50 eV）往右放 BSE 碗。Slow electrons (< 50 eV) go LEFT to SE; fast ones (> 50 eV) go RIGHT to BSE.
500× 下讓蛋糕每一層都清楚（D ≥ 200 µm），再按檢查。At 500×, get every layer sharp (D ≥ 200 µm), then CHECK.
只有 100 µm 光圈：把工作距離調到每層都清楚。100 µm aperture only: find a working distance that keeps every layer sharp.
答對題目，大家一起發射電子束！Answer correctly to fire the beam together!
糊糊菇把影像拉長了！用像散校正把它修好！Blurshroom stretched the image! Fix it with the stigmator!
還沒飽和：電流還在上升。Not saturated yet: the current is still rising.
這是假峰！再往上加熱一點。That's the false peak! Heat a little more.
過飽和：電流不會再增加，燈絲壽命卻變短。退回一點。Over-saturated: no extra current, just a shorter filament life. Back off a little.
啵！燈絲燒斷了。別擔心，小燈還有備用燈絲！POP! The filament burned out. Don't worry, Toasty has a spare!
飽和點！電流穩定，燈絲壽命最長。Saturation! Stable current and the longest filament life.
對！要大焦深就要小 α：小光圈、長工作距離。Yes! Depth of focus needs a small α: small aperture, long working distance.
對！要高對比、低雜訊就要大電流 i：大光圈、弱聚光鏡。Yes! Contrast and low noise need a high current i: larger aperture, weaker condenser.
對！奈米細節要小探針 d：小光圈、強聚光鏡。Yes! Nanometre detail needs a small probe d: small aperture, strong condenser.
再想想：表面高低起伏很大，要整個視野都清楚……Think again: the surface is very rough, and all of it must be in focus…
再想想：表面是平的，我們要的是乾淨的灰階對比……Think again: it is flat, and we want clean grey-level contrast…
再想想：50,000 倍，要看到奈米細節……Think again: 50,000× and nanometre detail…
太棒了！接下來 X、Y 都歪了！Great! Now both X and Y are off!
影像清晰又圓潤！Sharp and round again!
提示：看圓度條，往數字變大的方向轉，一次調一個旋鈕。Hint: watch the roundness bar, turn towards a higher number, one knob at a time.
對！鐵的 Z 與 ρ 較大：20 kV 時 Fe ≈ 1.6 µm，Al ≈ 4.2 µm。Right! Fe has higher Z and ρ: at 20 kV, Fe ≈ 1.6 µm vs Al ≈ 4.2 µm.
鋁比較輕、密度也小，電子會跑得更深更遠喔。Aluminium is lighter and less dense, so electrons travel deeper.
還太大了，把電壓再調低一點。Still too big. Lower the voltage a bit more.
成功！E₀ 越低 → 交互作用體積越小 → 空間解析度越好。Done! Lower E₀ → smaller interaction volume → better spatial resolution.
分類正確！Sorted!
這顆低於 50 eV，是二次電子（SE），要往左！Below 50 eV: a secondary electron (SE). Send it left!
這顆高於 50 eV，是背散射電子（BSE），要往右！Above 50 eV: a backscattered electron (BSE). Send it right!
糊糊菇的迷霧把電子變灰了！只能看能量判斷。Blurshroom's fog turned them grey! Judge by the energy only.
每一層都清楚了！Every layer is sharp!
還不夠：焦深 D 小於 200 µm。Not yet: D is still below 200 µm.
提示：縮小光圈，或拉長工作距離，都能讓 α 變小。Hint: a smaller aperture or a longer working distance both make α smaller.
提示：需要 α ≤ 0.002 rad，而 R_AP = 50 µm。Hint: you need α ≤ 0.002 rad, and R_AP = 50 µm.
命中！Hit!
先完成前一層！Clear the previous floor first!
已存檔至槽位Saved to slot
已讀取存檔。Save loaded.
這個槽位沒有存檔。That slot is empty.
已刪除存檔。Save deleted.
已匯出存檔檔案。Save file exported.
已匯入存檔。Save file imported.
存檔檔案不正確或已被修改。That save file is invalid or has been modified.
瀏覽器儲存空間不足，請改用匯出。Browser storage is full. Use Export instead.
此裝置無法使用 WebGPU，已改用軟體繪圖。WebGPU is not available here, so software rendering is used.
已啟用 WebGPU 硬體繪圖。WebGPU hardware rendering is on.
請按新按鍵…Press a key…
按鍵已更新。Key updated.
已恢復預設按鍵。Default keys restored.
已恢復預設設定。Default settings restored.
這裡沒有額外提示，加油！No extra hint here. You can do it!
不太對喔，再試一次！Not quite. Try again!
要離開全螢幕，按右上角「✕ 離開全螢幕」或暫停選單。To leave full screen, tap “✕ Exit” at the top right or use the pause menu.
把手機橫過來，畫面會更大！Turn your phone sideways for a bigger screen!
移動：方向鍵、搖桿或點地面 · 確定：空白鍵／AMove: arrow keys, controller or tap the ground · Confirm: Space / A
就緒。Ready.
已暫停。Paused.
重新開始本關。Stage restarted.
此瀏覽器不支援網頁音訊。This browser does not support web audio.
目前：WebGPU 硬體繪圖Active: WebGPU (hardware)
目前：軟體繪圖（Canvas 2D）Active: software (Canvas 2D)
目前：軟體繪圖（此瀏覽器無法使用 WebGPU）Active: software (WebGPU unavailable in this browser)
正在啟動 WebGPU…Starting WebGPU…
目前解析度：Current resolution:
自動（依場景變換）Auto (changes with the scene)
開始新遊戲？自動存檔會被覆蓋（槽位 1–3 不受影響）。Start a new game? The autosave will be overwritten (slots 1–3 are kept).
回到標題畫面？本關未完成的進度會消失。Return to the title screen? Progress in this stage will be lost.
刪除這個存檔？Delete this save?
讀取這個存檔？目前未存檔的進度會消失。Load this save? Unsaved progress will be lost.
從頭開始新遊戲？自動存檔會被覆蓋。Start over with a new game? The autosave will be overwritten.
獲得花瓣Petals earned
新精靈孵化！New sprite hatched!
解鎖概念明信片：Postcard unlocked:
最佳紀錄Best
總星數Total stars
種下的花Flowers planted
尚未孵化Not hatched yet
尚未解鎖：過關後取得Locked: clear the stage to get it
（空）(empty)
哎呀！微光花園整個變灰了！Oh no! The whole Micro Garden has gone grey!
嘿嘿嘿～我是糊糊菇！在我的迷霧裡，每一種相看起來都一樣灰！Hee-hee! I'm Blurshroom! In my fog, every phase looks the same shade of grey!
只有「電子束之塔」能讓花園重新清晰。它其實就是一台掃描式電子顯微鏡（SEM）！Only the Beam Tower can make the garden clear again. It's actually a scanning electron microscope (SEM)!
我們要從電子槍開始，一層一層點亮鏡筒，一路到試片腔。We'll power up the column floor by floor, from the electron gun all the way down to the specimen chamber.
走到發光的平台 1-1 就能開始。每顆星星都會換成花瓣，邊走邊開花喔！Walk to the glowing pad 1-1 to begin. Every star turns into petals, and flowers bloom wherever you walk!
呼……好冷。我是鎢絲髮夾燈絲「小燈」，沒有熱就沒有電子！Brrr… I'm Toasty, a tungsten hairpin filament. No heat, no electrons!
這叫熱游離發射！加熱燈絲，電子就能越過功函數逃出來：Jc = Ac·T²·exp(−Ew/kT)。That's thermionic emission! Heat the filament and electrons escape over the work function: Jc = Ac·T²·exp(−Ew/kT).
慢慢加熱：電子束電流會上升、冒出一個小小的假峰，然後變平。停在平坦處，就是飽和點！Heat me slowly. The beam current rises, shows a little false peak, then levels off. Stop on the flat part: that's saturation!
可是別加過頭，太熱的話我會「啵」一聲斷掉喔！But don't overdo it. Too hot and I'll go POP!
我們是寶石三姊妹：粉紅的小點是探針直徑 d，黃色的安安是探針電流 i，藍色的阿法是收斂角 α！We're the Gemmies: pink Dot is the probe diameter d, yellow Amp is the probe current i, and blue Ally is the convergence angle α!
電子槍亮度固定時，β = 4i/(π²d²α²)。三個目標沒辦法同時最大化。At a fixed gun brightness, β = 4i/(π²d²α²). You can't max out all three at once.
所以每個試片，請選出「最重要」的那一顆寶石！So for each sample, pick the ONE gem that matters most!
哎呀，我的眼鏡歪了！所有東西都被往同一個方向拉長……Oh dear, my glasses are crooked! Everything looks stretched in one direction…
這是像散！透鏡不對稱，探針截面就變成橢圓。像散校正器會加上 X、Y 兩個小小的修正磁場。That's astigmatism! An asymmetric lens makes the probe elliptical. The stigmator adds small correcting fields in X and Y.
轉動 X 和 Y 旋鈕，看著圓度條，把影像調回又清楚又圓！Turn the X and Y knobs and watch the roundness bar until the image is crisp and round!
輪到我了！我的形狀就像交互作用體積：一顆在表面下長大的小淚滴。My turn! I'm shaped just like the interaction volume: a little teardrop growing below the surface.
我是蒙蒙！我專門亂畫電子的隨機路徑。五條路徑是塗鴉，一百條就變成一朵雲，那朵雲就是皮普！I'm Monte! I scribble random electron paths. Five paths make a scribble; a hundred make a cloud. That cloud is Pip!
Kanaya–Okayama 射程：R_KO = 0.0276·A·E₀^1.67 /(Z^0.89·ρ) µm。電壓越高，我就越胖！原子越重越密，我就越小。Kanaya–Okayama range: R_KO = 0.0276·A·E₀^1.67 / (Z^0.89·ρ) µm. Bigger kV, bigger me! Heavier, denser atoms squeeze me smaller.
我是毛毛，二次電子（SE）。我很慢，低於 50 eV，只能從最表面幾奈米逃出來。I'm Fluffy, a secondary electron (SE). I'm slow, under 50 eV, and I only escape from the top few nanometres.
我是碰碰，背散射電子（BSE）！我撞到原子核反彈回來，能量可以接近 E₀。又快又有勁！And I'm Bonk, a backscattered electron (BSE)! I bounce off nuclei with energies up to E₀. Fast and proud!
幫忙分類吧！慢的（<50 eV）往左放 SE 碗，快的（>50 eV）往右放 BSE 碗。按左／右鍵，或直接點碗。Let's sort them! Slow ones (< 50 eV) go left to the SE bowl; fast ones (> 50 eV) go right to the BSE bowl. Press Left / Right or tap a bowl.
我是層層，一個大約 200 µm 高的五層蛋糕，就像粗糙的破斷面。500 倍下，你能讓我每一層都清楚嗎？I'm Deco, a five-layer cake about 200 µm tall, just like a rough fracture surface. At 500×, can you get every layer sharp?
焦深 D ≈ 0.2/(α·M) mm，收斂角 α = R_AP / D_W。光圈越小、工作距離越長，α 越小，焦深越大！Depth of focus D ≈ 0.2/(α·M) mm, with α = R_AP / D_W. A smaller aperture or a longer working distance gives a smaller α and deeper focus!
糟糕，實驗室只剩 100 µm 的光圈了！這次只能調整工作距離。Uh-oh, only a 100 µm aperture is left! This time you can only change the working distance.
嘿嘿嘿！你們點亮了整座鏡筒，但我會讓每張影像都模糊：拉長、霧化，還有空放大！Hee-hee! You lit up the whole column, but I'll blur every image: stretching, fogging and EMPTY MAGNIFICATION!
大家一起上！每答對一題，就發射一次電子束！Everyone together! Every right answer fires the beam!
看招！超級像散攻擊！Take this! Mega-astigmatism attack!
交給我！轉動像散校正旋鈕，把影像調回圓的！Leave it to me! Turn the stigmator knobs and make it round again!
嗚嗚……我只是……也想被看清楚而已……Sniff… I just… wanted to be seen clearly too…
那就一起住在花園吧！在清楚的影像裡，每一種灰都有名字。Then come and live in the garden! In a clear image, every grey has a name.
叮！我是叮叮，特性 X 光！剛剛的電子束把我激發出來了。我們在對比海灣見！Ding! I'm Zing, a characteristic X-ray! The beam just knocked me out. See you in Contrast Cove!
花園重新綻放了！大家一起跳綻放之舞！The garden is blooming again! Everyone, Bloom Dance!
為什麼很多 SEM 改用 LaB₆ 電子源取代鎢絲？Why do many SEMs use a LaB₆ source instead of tungsten?
功函數較低（≈2.4 eV，鎢 ≈4.5 eV），較低溫就能放出更多電流Lower work function (≈ 2.4 eV vs 4.5 eV for W): more current at a lower temperature
因為它比較便宜、比較耐用It is cheaper and more robust
因為它對真空的要求比較低It can work in a poorer vacuum
LaB₆ 亮度約為鎢絲的 10 倍、壽命更長，但需要 ≤10⁻⁶ torr 的較佳真空。最亮的是場發射槍，需要超高真空。（PCAM.01 s.13–16）LaB₆ is ≈10× brighter with a longer life, but needs a better vacuum (≤10⁻⁶ torr). Field emission is the brightest and needs ultra-high vacuum. (PCAM.01 s.13–16)
提示：看看 Richardson 方程式裡的 exp(−Ew/kT)。Hint: look at exp(−Ew/kT) in the Richardson equation.
試片 C（50,000× 的 C-S-H）要選哪一種電子源？它對真空有什麼要求？For Sample C (C-S-H at 50,000×), which electron source would you choose, and what does it demand?
場發射槍：光源 < 5 nm、最亮，需要超高真空（10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁰ torr）Field emission: source < 5 nm and the brightest; needs ultra-high vacuum (10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁰ torr)
鎢絲：最便宜，約 10⁻⁵ torr 就夠Tungsten hairpin: cheapest, ~10⁻⁵ torr is enough
LaB₆：完全不需要真空LaB₆: no vacuum needed at all
探針要很小、又要有足夠電流，就得靠高亮度的電子源。亮度在鏡筒中守恆，由電子槍決定上限。（s.14、16、20）A tiny probe that still carries enough current needs a very bright source. Brightness is conserved down the column, so the gun sets the limit. (s.14, 16, 20)
提示：哪一種電子源最尖、最亮？Hint: which source is the sharpest and brightest?
有像散時，對焦經過最佳焦點，影像會怎樣？With astigmatism, what happens to the image as you go through focus?
先往一個方向拉長，再往垂直的方向拉長It streaks in one direction, then in the perpendicular direction
整張影像變得更亮The whole image gets brighter
影像出現彩色條紋Coloured fringes appear
正確流程：對焦 → 調整 X/Y 像散 → 再對焦，直到不再拉長。（s.19）The routine: focus → adjust stigmator X/Y → refocus, until no streaking remains. (s.19)
提示：SEM 影像沒有顏色，只有灰階。Hint: SEM images have no colour, only grey levels.
要對 1 µm 大的 CH 晶體做 EDS 分析，哪個設定比較好？For EDS on a 1 µm CH crystal, which setting is better?
中低電壓（約 8–10 kV）：體積夠小，又能激發 Ca KαModerate-low voltage (about 8–10 kV): a small volume that still excites Ca Kα
30 kV：訊號越多越好30 kV: more signal is always better
1 kV：體積越小越好1 kV: the smallest volume is always best
30 kV 的交互作用體積遠大於 1 µm，會量到周圍的 C-S-H；1 kV 能量不足，激發不了 Ca Kα（3.69 keV）。World 2 會學到過電壓比 U ≥ 2。（s.25、41）At 30 kV the volume is far bigger than 1 µm and samples the surrounding C-S-H; at 1 kV there is not enough energy to excite Ca Kα (3.69 keV). World 2 explains the overvoltage rule U ≥ 2. (s.25, 41)
提示：體積要小，但電子的能量也要夠。Hint: the volume must be small, but the electrons still need enough energy.
二次電子偵測器是怎麼收集 SE 的？How does the secondary-electron detector collect SE?
用一個小小的正偏壓，把低能量的 SE 吸過來A small positive bias pulls the low-energy SE in
用磁鐵把 BSE 擋下來A magnet stops the BSE
等電子冷卻下來再收集It waits for the electrons to cool down
SE 能量很低（峰值約 2–5 eV），很容易被吸引；BSE 能量高、沿直線前進，只有正對偵測器的才收得到。（s.28）SE are low-energy (peak ≈ 2–5 eV) and easily attracted; BSE are energetic and travel in straight lines, so only those heading for the detector are collected. (s.28)
提示：慢吞吞的電子很容易被「拉」過去。Hint: slow electrons are easy to pull.
用小光圈、長工作距離換到大焦深，付出了什麼代價？A small aperture and a long working distance buy depth of focus. What do you give up?
探針電流變小（影像雜訊變多），解析度也常會變差Less probe current (a noisier image), and often poorer resolution
什麼都沒有犧牲Nothing at all
焦深反而變小The depth of focus gets smaller
三個目標無法同時最大化：小 α 換來大焦深，但能通過光圈的電子變少了。（s.6、11、50）You can't max out everything: a small α gives depth of focus, but fewer electrons pass the aperture. (s.6, 11, 50)
提示：相機把光圈縮小時，進來的光變多還是變少？Hint: when a camera stops down, does more or less light get in?
像素間距已經小於有效訊號面積，再提高倍率只會把模糊放大。這叫做？The pixel spacing is already smaller than the effective signal area, so more magnification only enlarges the blur. This is called…
空放大（hollow / empty magnification）Hollow (empty) magnification
焦深Depth of focus
飽和點The saturation point
d_eff = (d_B² + d_BSE²)^½，通常由無法控制的 d_BSE 主導。（s.47–48）d_eff = (d_B² + d_BSE²)^½, usually dominated by d_BSE, which you cannot control. (s.47–48)
提示：越放越大，卻看不到更多……Hint: bigger and bigger, but nothing new to see…
M = L_CRT / L_spec。SEM 要提高放大倍率時，實際上做了什麼？M = L_CRT / L_spec. What does the SEM actually do to zoom in?
在試片上掃描更短的長度It scans a shorter length on the specimen
換一顆更強的物鏡It swaps in a stronger objective lens
把偵測器移得更近It moves the detector closer
螢幕大小固定，只縮小掃描範圍，所以放大系列可以維持對焦。記得以比例尺為準！（s.45）The display size is fixed; only the scanned length shrinks, so focus is kept through a magnification series. Always trust the scale bar! (s.45)
提示：放大，其實就是「掃得更少」。Hint: zooming is just scanning less.
放大倍率提高 10 倍，觀察面積會變成？If the magnification rises 10×, the area sampled becomes…
小 100 倍100× smaller
小 10 倍10× smaller
不變Unchanged
面積隨 M² 縮小：1,000× 時 10 cm 的螢幕只顯示 (100 µm)²。（s.46）The area shrinks with M²: at 1,000× a 10 cm display shows a (100 µm)² region. (s.46)
提示：長和寬都縮小了。Hint: both the length and the width shrink.
在拋光的水泥漿體切面上，哪個相在 BSE 影像裡最亮？On a polished cement-paste section, which phase is brightest in a BSE image?
未水化熟料（C₃S、C₂S、C₄AF）Unhydrated clinker (C₃S, C₂S, C₄AF)
C-S-H 膠體C-S-H gel
填滿環氧樹脂的孔隙Epoxy-filled pores
平均原子序與密度越高越亮：熟料 > CH > C-S-H > 孔隙（黑）。η_mix = Σ Cᵢηᵢ。（s.29、33）Higher mean Z and density look brighter: clinker > CH > C-S-H > pores (black). η_mix = Σ Cᵢηᵢ. (s.29, 33)
提示：越重的越亮！Hint: the heaviest one glows brightest!
二次電子影像（SEI）主要呈現什麼？What does a secondary-electron image (SEI) mainly show?
形貌：邊緣和斜坡會發亮Topography: edges and slopes glow
平均原子序Mean atomic number
晶體結構Crystal structure
SE 對原子序不敏感，但對傾斜很敏感：δ = δ₀·sec θ。（s.35、37）SE are insensitive to Z but very sensitive to tilt: δ = δ₀·sec θ. (s.35, 37)
提示：毛毛最愛邊緣和斜坡。Hint: Fluffy loves edges and slopes.
為什麼 SEM 鏡筒一定要抽真空？Why must the SEM column be under vacuum?
避免電子被氣體分子散射，也避免燈絲氧化So electrons don't scatter off gas molecules and the filament doesn't oxidise
為了讓試片降溫To cool the specimen down
為了讓儀器安靜一點To make the instrument quieter
水泥漿體含水，所以要先乾燥（例如溶劑置換）並鍍膜，或改用低真空模式。（s.20）Cement paste holds water, so samples are dried (e.g. solvent exchange) and coated, or imaged in low-vacuum mode. (s.20)
提示：電子要一路暢行無阻。Hint: the electrons need a clear path.
電子撞上原子核的「彈性散射」主要產生什麼訊號？Elastic scattering off the nucleus mainly produces…
背散射電子（BSE）Backscattered electrons (BSE)
二次電子（SE）Secondary electrons (SE)
只有熱Only heat
彈性散射幾乎不損失能量、方向改變大 → BSE；非彈性散射 → SE、X 光、歐傑電子與熱。（s.23）Elastic scattering loses almost no energy and can turn sharply → BSE; inelastic scattering → SE, X-rays, Auger electrons and heat. (s.23)
提示：碰碰撞到原子核就全速反彈。Hint: Bonk bounces off the nucleus at full speed.
哪一種電子源最亮？Which electron source is the brightest?
場發射槍（約為鎢絲的 10³ 倍）Field emission (about 10³× tungsten)
LaB₆LaB₆
鎢絲髮夾燈絲Tungsten hairpin
銅牌鎢絲、銀牌 LaB₆、金牌場發射；電子源越尖越亮，對真空的要求也越高。（s.14、16）Bronze: tungsten, silver: LaB₆, gold: field emission. The sharper the source, the brighter the beam and the cleaner the vacuum it needs. (s.14, 16)
提示：光源 < 5 nm 的那一種。Hint: the one with a source < 5 nm.
電子槍 · 熱游離發射 · 飽和點 · 三種電子源（PCAM.01 s.12–16）Electron gun · thermionic emission · saturation · three kinds of source (PCAM.01 s.12–16)
無法同時最大化的三個目標：d、i、α（s.11、21、43）Three goals you can't max out together: d, i, α (s.11, 21, 43)
像散與像散校正器（s.19）Astigmatism and the stigmator (s.19)
交互作用體積與 Kanaya–Okayama 射程（s.24–25）Interaction volume and the Kanaya–Okayama range (s.24–25)
射出電子的能量分布：SE 與 BSE（s.27–28）Energy spectrum of emitted electrons: SE vs BSE (s.27–28)
焦深、光圈與工作距離（s.49–51）Depth of focus, aperture and working distance (s.49–51)
總複習：放大倍率、空放大、BSE／SE 影像、真空（s.20–48）Review: magnification, hollow magnification, BSE / SE imaging, vacuum (s.20–48)
交互作用體積精靈。電壓越高越胖，遇到重原子就縮小。The interaction-volume sprite. Grows with kV, shrinks in heavy atoms.
鎢絲髮夾燈絲。約 2,700 K 工作，停在飽和點最長壽。A tungsten hairpin filament. Works at ~2,700 K and lives longest at saturation.
d、i、α 三姊妹。亮度固定時，彼此一直在拔河。The d, i and α sisters. At fixed brightness they always trade off.
像散校正器精靈。X、Y 兩個旋鈕把橢圓探針變圓。The stigmator sprite. Two knobs, X and Y, make the probe round.
蒙地卡羅精靈。一百條隨機路徑畫出交互作用體積。The Monte Carlo sprite. A hundred random paths draw the interaction volume.
二次電子 SE。< 50 eV，只從表面幾 nm 逃出，最愛邊緣與斜坡。A secondary electron. < 50 eV, escapes from the top few nm, loves edges and slopes.
背散射電子 BSE。能量接近 E₀，原子序越大越亮。A backscattered electron. Energy near E₀; the higher the Z, the brighter.
焦深蛋糕。D ≈ 0.2/(αM)，五層都清楚才開心。The depth-of-focus cake. D ≈ 0.2/(αM); happy only when all five layers are sharp.
特性 X 光。每種元素一種顏色，是 World 2 的主角。A characteristic X-ray. One colour per element; the star of World 2.
曾經的大魔王，現在是花園裡最愛清晰影像的小菇。Once the big villain, now a little garden mushroom who loves sharp images.
📮 1 · 電子槍Electron gun
Jc = Ac T² exp(−Ew / kT)
停在飽和點：電流穩定、燈絲最長壽；過飽和只會縮短壽命。鎢 Ew ≈ 4.5 eV（≈2,700 K）；LaB₆ ≈ 2.4 eV，亮約 10 倍、需 ≤10⁻⁶ torr；場發射光源 < 5 nm，需 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁰ torr。Operate at saturation: stable current, longest life; over-saturation only shortens life. W: Ew ≈ 4.5 eV (≈ 2,700 K); LaB₆ ≈ 2.4 eV, ~10× brighter, needs ≤10⁻⁶ torr; field emission: source < 5 nm, needs 10⁻⁹–10⁻¹⁰ torr.
PCAM.01 s.12–16
📮 2 · d、i、α 的取捨The d · i · α trade-off
β = 4 i / (π² d² α²)
高解析度 ← 小 d；高對比低雜訊 ← 大 i；大焦深 ← 小 α。依任務選擇：粗糙破斷面 500× → α；拋光 BSE → i；C-S-H 50,000× → d。High resolution ← small d; contrast and low noise ← high i; depth of focus ← small α. Choose by task: rough fracture at 500× → α; polished BSE → i; C-S-H at 50,000× → d.
PCAM.01 s.11, 21, 43
📮 3 · 像散Astigmatism
Focus → Stig X / Y → Refocus
透鏡不對稱（加工誤差、光圈汙染）讓探針截面變成橢圓；通過焦點時影像先往一個方向拉長，再往垂直方向拉長。像散校正器施加小小的補償磁場。Lens asymmetry (machining errors, dirty apertures) makes the probe elliptical; through focus the image streaks one way, then the perpendicular way. The stigmator applies a small compensating field.
PCAM.01 s.19
📮 4 · 交互作用體積Interaction volume
RKO = 0.0276 A E₀1.67 / (Z0.89 ρ) [µm]
20 keV：Al ≈ 4.2 µm、Fe ≈ 1.6 µm；Al 在 5 keV ≈ 0.41 µm。E₀ 越低或 Z·ρ 越高 → 體積越小 → 空間解析度越好。體積（µm）遠大於探針（nm）。At 20 keV: Al ≈ 4.2 µm, Fe ≈ 1.6 µm; Al at 5 keV ≈ 0.41 µm. Lower E₀ or higher Z·ρ → smaller volume → better spatial resolution. The volume (µm) is far larger than the probe (nm).
PCAM.01 s.24–25
📮 5 · SE 與 BSESE vs BSE
η = nBSE / nB · δ = nSE / nB · δ = δ₀ sec θ
SE < 50 eV（峰值 2–5 eV），逃逸深度僅數 nm → 形貌（SEI）。BSE > 50 eV 到 E₀，η 隨 Z 增加 → 成分對比（BEI）。SE < 50 eV (peak 2–5 eV), escape depth only a few nm → topography (SEI). BSE > 50 eV up to E₀, η rises with Z → compositional contrast (BEI).
PCAM.01 s.27–39
📮 6 · 焦深Depth of focus
D ≈ 0.2 / (α M) [mm] · α = RAP / DW
例：M = 1,000×、α = 5×10⁻³ rad → D = 40 µm。500× 要 D ≥ 200 µm → α ≤ 2×10⁻³ rad：DW = 10 mm 用 40 µm 光圈，或 100 µm 光圈配 DW ≥ 25 mm（代價：電流變小）。Example: M = 1,000×, α = 5×10⁻³ rad → D = 40 µm. For D ≥ 200 µm at 500× → α ≤ 2×10⁻³ rad: a 40 µm aperture at DW = 10 mm, or a 100 µm aperture at DW ≥ 25 mm (price: less current).
PCAM.01 s.49–51
📮 7 · 放大倍率與空放大Magnification & hollow magnification
M = LCRT / Lspec · deff = (dB² + dBSE²)½
放大只是掃描更小的範圍，面積隨 M² 縮小。像素間距小於有效訊號面積後，再放大只是空放大。以比例尺為準！Zooming just scans a smaller region; the area shrinks with M². Once the pixel spacing is below the effective signal area, more M is hollow magnification. Trust the scale bar!
PCAM.01 s.45–48
綻放早晨 · PopBloom Morning · Pop
慵懶草原 · Lo-fi 輕鬆慵懶Lazy Meadow · Lo-fi (laid-back)
廚房律動 · Funk 節奏明快Kitchen Groove · Funk (upbeat)
寶石咖啡館 · Bossa nova 慵懶Gem Café · Bossa nova (laid-back)
像素星空 · 8-bit 晶片音樂Pixel Stars · 8-bit chiptune
果凍漂流 · SynthwaveJelly Drift · Synthwave
電子衝刺 · Rock 節奏明快Electron Rush · Rock (upbeat)
糖霜千層 · Bubblegum PopSugar Layers · Bubblegum pop
糊糊菇大決戰 · Hard rockBlurshroom Battle · Hard rock
綻放之舞 · DiscoBloom Dance · Disco
明信片圓舞曲 · WaltzPostcard Waltz · Waltz
午後微風 · Reggae 輕鬆慵懶Afternoon Breeze · Reggae (laid-back)
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